Some younger children may be given medicine to help keep them calm or even asleep during the test to help make sure the pictures come out well. CT-guided needle biopsy: A CT scan can also be used to guide a biopsy needle precisely into a suspected tumor or enlarged lymph node. For this procedure, the child remains asleep on the CT scanning table, while the doctor advances a biopsy needle through the skin and toward the area.
CT scans are repeated until the needle is in the right place. The biopsy sample is then removed and looked at in the lab. Ultrasound uses sound waves and their echoes to create pictures of internal organs or masses. Ultrasound can be used to look at lymph nodes near the surface of the body or to look inside the abdomen belly for enlarged lymph nodes or organs such as the liver or spleen.
It can also show if the kidneys have become swollen if the outflow of urine has been blocked by enlarged lymph nodes. Ultrasound-guided needle biopsy: Ultrasound is also sometimes used to help guide a biopsy needle into an enlarged lymph node. But MRI scans use radio waves and strong magnets to make pictures, instead of x-rays.
This test is not used as often as CT scans for lymphoma, but MRI is very useful for looking at the brain and spinal cord if a child has symptoms that might be caused by problems in the nervous system.
MRIs take longer than CT scans, often up to an hour. Your child may have to lie inside a narrow tube, which can be distressing, so sedation is sometimes needed. Newer, more open MRI machines may be another option, although your child will still have to lie still.
For a PET scan , a slightly radioactive sugar is injected into the blood. The amount of radioactivity used is very low and will pass out of the body within a day or so. Because lymphoma cells grow quickly, they absorb more of the sugar.
After about an hour, your child will be moved onto a table in the PET scanner. He or she will lie on the table for about 30 minutes while a special camera creates a picture of areas of radioactivity in the body.
Younger children may be given medicine to help keep them calm or even asleep during the test. A bone scan is not usually needed unless a child has bone pain or has lab test results that suggest the lymphoma might have reached the bones. For this test, a radioactive substance called technetium is injected into the blood. Technetium travels to damaged areas of the bone over a couple of hours. Your child then lies on a table while a special camera detects the radioactivity and creates a picture of the skeleton.
A bone scan can detect bone damage from lymphoma. But it may also show other things that are not cancer, so other tests might be needed to be sure. Medical history and physical exam The doctor will ask about any symptoms, including how long they have been present, and might also ask about possible risk factors , such as immune system problems. Biopsy Lymphoma can't be diagnosed in a child based only on symptoms or a physical exam.
Types of biopsies used to diagnose non-Hodgkin lymphoma There are different types of biopsies. There are 2 main types: In a fine needle aspiration FNA biopsy , the doctor uses a very thin, hollow needle attached to a syringe to withdraw aspirate a small amount of tissue from an enlarged lymph node or a tumor mass.
For a core needle biopsy , the doctor uses a larger needle to remove a slightly larger piece of tissue. Other types of biopsies Other types of biopsies are not normally used to diagnose lymphoma, but they might be done if a lymphoma has already been diagnosed to help show how far it has spread.
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy These tests can show if a lymphoma has reached the bone marrow. Lumbar puncture spinal tap This test is used to look for lymphoma cells in the cerebrospinal fluid CSF , which is the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. About CED. Programs and studies. Genetic epidemiology. Prostate cancer epidemiology. Collaborate with CED. Dietary questionnaires.
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Latest news and stories. Latest news and stories News from Cancer Council Victoria and stories of those affected by cancer. Where the money goes. Where the money goes See what we spent our money on in External beam therapy may be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Monoclonal antibody therapy also called targeted therapy : This is a treatment involving laboratory-produced molecules called monoclonal antibodies that are engineered to recognize and bind to the surface of cancer cells.
Monoclonal antibodies mimic naturally produced antibodies in the body that attack invading foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. Monoclonal antibodies may be combined with a chemotherapy drug or radioactive material, allowing the antibody to deliver a direct dose of the cancer-killing agent to the cancer cell. The radiolabeled monoclonal antibody travels to and binds to cancer cells, allowing a high dose of radiation to be delivered directly to the tumor. Biologic therapy : This treatment involves natural or laboratory-made substances designed to boost, direct or restore the body's natural defenses against cancer, or to interfere with specific biologic pathways within the lymphoma cells.
Interferon is one type of biologic therapy that affects the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. Lenalidomide and ibrutinib are examples of agents that interfere with metabolic pathways within the lymphoma cells.
Stem cell transplant : In this treatment, diseased bone marrow is replaced with the patient's own healthy stem cells called autologous or the stem cells of a donor called allogeneic in order to help new bone marrow grow.
A stem cell transplant may be an option if lymphoma returns after treatment. Patients undergoing a stem cell transplant may first receive whole-body external beam radiation along with high-dose chemotherapy to eliminate as many lymphoma cells as possible throughout the body. Please type your comment or suggestion into the text box below. Note: we are unable to answer specific questions or offer individual medical advice or opinions.
Please contact your physician with specific medical questions or for a referral to a radiologist or other physician. To locate a medical imaging or radiation oncology provider in your community, you can search the ACR-accredited facilities database. This website does not provide cost information.
The costs for specific medical imaging tests, treatments and procedures may vary by geographic region. Web page review process: This Web page is reviewed regularly by a physician with expertise in the medical area presented and is further reviewed by committees from the Radiological Society of North America RSNA and the American College of Radiology ACR , comprising physicians with expertise in several radiologic areas.
Outside links: For the convenience of our users, RadiologyInfo. Toggle navigation. Testing for lymphatic cancer generally begins with a physical examination, during which your physician will review your medical history and discuss your symptoms. Lymphoma can be confirmed with a biopsy, in which a tissue sample is taken from an affected area of the body for analysis.
At Moffitt Cancer Center, we perform several types of biopsies to diagnose lymphatic cancer, including excisional lymph node biopsy, pleural fluid biopsy, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy and image-guided biopsy using CT and ultrasound. Depending on your individual condition, there are additional tests and diagnostic services that Moffitt may recommend, such as:. An accurate diagnosis is important for developing a lymphoma treatment plan that is tailored to the individual needs of the patient.
If you have lymphoma symptoms or have recently been diagnosed and would like a second opinion, fill out a new patient registration form online or call to schedule an appointment at Moffitt. We see patients with or without referrals.
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