Modernism can also refer to a specific group of architects and buildings from the early to late 20th century, and so may not be the proper term to use for many building built since then, which are sometimes called "post-modern". Many of the world's greatest structures were built by modern-day architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright , I. Brunelleschi , in the building of the dome of Florence Cathedral in the early 15th century, not only transformed the building and the city, but also the role and status of the architect.
Section of Beauvais Cathedral , gothic architecture of the 13th century. The Parthenon , Athens , Greece , "the supreme example among architectural sites. In Amazon rainforest : straw and supported by stilts.
The Pyramids at Giza in Egypt. The Parthenon in Athens , Greece. Roman aqueduct in Segovia , Spain. Gyeongbokgung Palace in Seoul , South Korea. Kinkaku-ji Golden Pavilion , Kyoto , Japan. Taj Mahal in Agra , India. The Blue Mosque in Instanbul , Turkey.
Dome of the Rock , Jerusalem. Notre Dame de Paris , France. The Tower of London , England. Doge's Palace , Venice , Italy.
Peter's Basilica , Rome , Italy. The Bauhaus school building in Dessau , Germany. Sydney Opera House , Australia.
Bird's Nest stadium , Beijing, Chhina. Auditorio de Tenerife , Canary Islands , Spain.. Schocken Books. ISBN Retrieved 28 December Categories : Construction occupations Architects. Hidden category: Webarchive template wayback links. Navigation menu Personal tools Log in. Namespaces Page Talk. Views Read View source View history. This page was last changed on 8 August , at By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use Privacy Policy.
Some content of the original page may have been edited to make it more suitable for younger readers, unless otherwise noted. Other examples can be found in areas where Muslims are a minority. Islamic architecture includes mosques, madrasas, caravansarais, palaces, and mausolea of this large region. With the Renaissance and its emphasis on the individual and humanity rather than religion, and with all its attendant progress and achievements, a new chapter began.
Buildings were ascribed to specific architects - Michaelangelo , Brunelleschi , Leonardo da Vinci - and the cult of the individual had begun. But there was no dividing line between artist , architect and engineer , or any of the related vocations.
At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved were within the scope of the generalist. With the consolidation of knowledge in scientific fields such as engineering and the rise of new materials and technology, the architect began to lose ground on the technical aspects of building. He therefore, cornered for himself another playing field - that of aesthetics.
There was the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes. In the 19th century Ecole des Beaux Arts in France , the training was toward producing quick sketch schemes involving beautiful drawings without much emphasis on context.
Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass consumption and aesthetics started becoming a criterion even for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. Such products lacked the beauty and honesty associated with the expression of the process in the product. The dissatisfaction with such a general situation at the turn of the twentieth century gave rise to many new lines of thought that in architecture served as precursors to Modern Architecture.
Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund , formed in to produce better quality machine-made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Germany in , consciously rejected history and looked at architecture as a synthesis of art, craft, and technology.
When Modern architecture first began to be practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Truth was sought by rejecting history and turning to function as the generator of form. Architects became prominent figures and were termed masters. Later modern architecture moved into the realm of mass production due to its simplicity and economy. However, a reductive quality began to be perceived in modern architecture by the general public from the s.
Some reasons cited for this are its perceived lack of meaning, sterility, ugliness, uniformity, and psychological effects.
The architectural profession responded to this partly by attempting a more populist architecture at the visual level, even if at the expense of sacrificing depth for shallowness, a direction called Postmodernism. Robert Venturi 's contention that a "decorated shed" an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside was better than a "duck" a building in which the whole form and its function are considered together gives an idea of this approach.
Another part of the profession, and also some non-architects, responded by going to what they considered the root of the problem. They felt that architecture was not a personal philosophical or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it had to consider the everyday needs of people and use technology to give a livable environment.
The Design Methodology Movement involving people such as Chris Jones , Christopher Alexander started searching for a more inclusive process of design in order to lead to a better product. Extensive studies on areas such as behavioral, environmental, and social sciences were done and started informing the design process.
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